Airport Security Scanners: Solar Panel Damage Risk?

Solar panels are an increasingly popular way to generate energy, and airports around the world are investing in solar projects to reduce their carbon emissions and electricity bills. However, there are safety concerns about the potential impact of solar panels on aviation. One of the main issues is the reflection of sunlight off the panels, known as glint and glare, which can cause flash blindness and obstruct the vision of pilots and air traffic control staff during critical phases of flight. To address these concerns, airports are required to conduct safety assessments and glare analysis before installing solar panels, and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States has issued policies to ensure that airport solar projects do not create hazardous glare.

Solar glare and aviation safety

Solar glare can pose a serious safety risk for aviation. As airports increasingly invest in solar energy systems to reduce their carbon footprint, the reflection from the glass surfaces of solar panels can cause flash blindness, blocking the vision of pilots during critical phases of flight, such as landing and take-off, as well as that of air traffic control (ATC) staff. This phenomenon, known as "glint and glare," can be mitigated through careful analysis and implementation of certain strategies.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States has recognized the potential hazards of solar glare and published a policy aimed at ensuring that airport solar projects do not create hazardous glare conditions. This policy applies to federally obligated airports with control towers, requiring them to assess and mitigate the visual impact of solar energy systems on pilots and ATC personnel. Airports are now mandated to submit a Notice of Proposed Construction or Alteration Form, confirming that the solar project will not cause any adverse visual impact. If glare issues are discovered after construction, airports are responsible for mitigating the impact at their own expense.

To address solar glare, airports can employ various strategies. One simple measure is the re-orientation and adjustment of the vertical and alignment angles of solar panels, which can significantly reduce glare values. Additionally, airports can consider installing anti-reflective coating (ARC) on the glass surfaces or using textured glass. Physical barriers can also be placed between solar panels and operational areas to block the line of sight and prevent glare from reaching ATC towers and pilots.

While the FAA's policy provides a framework for addressing solar glare, it is important for airports to conduct thorough assessments and consider the unique geographical and environmental conditions of their locations. Factors such as clear skies and intense sunlight can exacerbate glare-related concerns, making effective glare analysis and mitigation strategies crucial for ensuring aviation safety. With careful planning and the implementation of appropriate strategies, airports can harness the benefits of solar energy while maintaining safe operations for all stakeholders.

Electro-magnetic interference

Solar panels and their associated equipment can emit electromagnetic interference (EMI). EMI can be caused by almost anything, from household appliances to car parts, and includes radio frequency interference (RFI). EMI and RFI are similar, with RFI being radiated interference, or radio waves.

EMI can be mitigated in a number of ways, including:

• Metal shielding, which blocks the interference.
• Cancellation, or twisted wire pairs, which cause the interference to cancel itself out.
• Filtering, which has been used since electronics were invented.
• Ferrite chokes, cores, and beads, which are the most effective method.

EMI is a concern for solar panels installed at airports, as it can interfere with aeronautical radio frequencies. The DC-power cabling and inverters used for solar panels can create EMI, especially if the cable looms are poorly wired. Even certified inverters can generate interference at various frequencies.

While there are currently no specific regulations addressing the safety impact of airport solar panel fields in Europe, aviation authorities in several states routinely require airports to assess the reflection of sunlight from solar panels. Airports should consider all the risks posed by solar panel farms as part of their change management process in their safety management systems.

Safety assessments for airport solar panels

As solar energy becomes an increasingly popular alternative for airports, safety assessments are crucial to address potential hazards. The following paragraphs outline key considerations for safety assessments of airport solar panels.

Glare and Reflection

The reflection of sunlight off solar panels, known as glint and glare, poses safety risks for pilots, air traffic controllers, and drivers of airside vehicles. Airports must assess the potential for glare and its impact on personnel and equipment. Glare can cause flash blindness, discomfort, retinal burn, and after-image effects, impairing vision and creating a safety hazard. Airports should calculate the potential for glare during the design phase of solar panel installations and implement mitigation measures if excessive glare is expected. Re-orientation or adjustment of the vertical and alignment angles of panels can help reduce glare values.

Electro-Magnetic Interference

While solar panels are relatively passive electromagnetically, the DC-power cabling and inverters used in solar installations can create electro-magnetic interference. Poorly wired cable looms and even certified inverters can generate interference at various frequencies, including aeronautical radio frequencies. Airports should assess the potential for electro-magnetic interference and ensure that critical equipment will not be affected.

Flora and Fauna Management

The presence of solar panels and associated infrastructure can impact the local flora and fauna. Safety assessments should consider the potential ecological impacts and implement measures to minimize any adverse effects on the surrounding environment.

Access Routes for Emergency Vehicles

Solar panel installations should not obstruct access routes for emergency vehicles such as fire and rescue services. Safety assessments must ensure that the placement and layout of solar panels do not hinder the ability of emergency services to respond effectively to incidents.

Interference with Critical Equipment

Solar panels and their associated equipment can potentially interfere with critical airport systems such as CNS (Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance) equipment and meteorological equipment. Safety assessments should evaluate the potential for interference and propose solutions to ensure the reliable operation of these critical systems.

In conclusion, safety assessments for airport solar panels are essential to address potential risks and ensure the safe integration of renewable energy sources into aviation operations. By carefully considering and mitigating the identified challenges, airports can harness the benefits of solar energy while maintaining a safe environment for all stakeholders.

Solar panel theft

Solar panels have become an attractive target for thieves due to their high value and the ease of resale in the growing renewable energy sector. The rise in solar panel theft is not limited to large-scale commercial solar farms but also includes residential properties, with thieves stealing panels from rooftops in remote areas.

In Europe, where the solar industry is more established, security measures are standard. However, in regions like California, solar panel theft has caught the market off-guard, with stolen panels resurfacing on online marketplaces like eBay and Craigslist. The resale of stolen panels has also been facilitated by the anonymity provided by illicit global markets for technology equipment.

The theft of solar panels can be prevented through various security measures. One recommended measure is the use of security fasteners or locks throughout the solar array, creating a challenging barrier for thieves to breach. Installing movement detection lights or security lighting systems can also deter criminals, as they are typically drawn to targets with poor lighting and a lack of security measures.

Another effective method is implementing alarm systems and system monitoring. For instance, the company Grid Lock in Northern California has developed a PV system security device with an alarm that can instantly alert authorities or a monitoring company. Additionally, engraving clear identification, such as a name or driver's license number, on panel frames can help deter thieves and aid in the recovery and identification of stolen panels.

Overall, the rise in solar panel theft underscores the need for proactive security measures to protect investments and contribute to a greener future without hindering the adoption of renewable energy solutions.

Solar panel security

Solar panels are a valuable asset, and their popularity has led to a rise in theft and vandalism. To protect solar panels from opportunistic criminals, several security measures can be implemented. Firstly, solar panel security screws can be used to secure the panels. These specialised fasteners require specific tools for installation and removal, deterring theft and preventing unauthorised access. Another measure is the use of security fittings, such as rail and one-way screws, which lock all panels together, making individual panel removal extremely difficult. Additionally, anti-theft fixtures such as chains, locks, and heavy-gauge nylon-coated wires can be used to secure the panels.

To enhance security further, property owners can install movement detector lights, security cameras, or video monitoring systems. These measures not only deter potential thieves but also provide valuable evidence in the event of a crime. Reducing access to the panels by removing ladders, storage crates, or other objects that could aid roof access is also crucial. For commercial installations or unoccupied buildings, implementing system monitoring and guard services can provide an extra layer of protection.

In the case of airport solar panels, safety assessments are essential to address concerns such as sunlight reflection, known as glint and glare, which can affect pilots, air traffic controllers, and ground staff. Airports are required to conduct assessments and ensure that solar projects do not create hazardous conditions for aviation personnel.

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