Airports After 9/11: Heightened Security, Changed Travel Forever

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, had a seismic impact on aviation security worldwide. In the US, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA) was passed, creating the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) within the Department of Transportation. The TSA took control of all aspects of transportation security, including screening every passenger and bag using metal detectors and X-ray technology, and intercepting firearms and box cutters.

The TSA also required background checks for air carrier and airport employees with access to secure areas, and all checked baggage to be screened using a combination of explosive detection systems and explosive trace detection machines.

The TSA has also developed and implemented a suite of risk management tools to use in the development of transportation security strategies, including a criticality tool, a facilitated vulnerability assessment tool, and a vulnerability self-assessment tool.

The response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been similar to that of 9/11, with prescribed, disproportionate to risk, one-size-fits-all measures with adverse impacts on operations.

The introduction of explosive detection systems and explosive trace detection machines to screen checked baggage

The 9/11 attacks exposed weaknesses in the U.S. aviation security system, including inadequate screening and access controls at airports. In response, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was created to strengthen aviation security.

The TSA has since implemented a range of security measures, including the introduction of explosive detection systems (EDS) and explosive trace detection (ETD) machines to screen checked baggage.

Explosive Detection Systems (EDS)

EDS machines are the primary method used to screen checked baggage for threat items. They use computed tomography (CT) technology to scan up to 500 bags per hour and detect objects with the physical characteristics of explosives.

However, the bulky size of EDS equipment can make it challenging to install in airports, often requiring adjustments to the layout and incurring additional costs. To address this, the TSA has implemented "in-line" EDS systems, where the equipment is integrated into the airport's baggage conveyor system. This approach improves efficiency and reduces costs associated with manual baggage screening.

Explosive Trace Detection (ETD) Machines

ETD machines are smaller and more cost-effective than EDS machines. They detect vapors and residue from explosives by collecting samples through swabbing and then chemically analyzing them. While ETD machines have higher detection rates and fewer false positives than EDS, the screening process is slower. Therefore, they are typically deployed in low-baggage throughput airports or as a secondary screening method.

Impact of EDS and ETD on Airport Security

The introduction of EDS and ETD machines has significantly enhanced the TSA's ability to detect explosives in checked baggage, addressing a key vulnerability exposed by the 9/11 attacks. These technologies play a critical role in the multi-layered aviation security system, providing an additional obstacle that terrorists would need to overcome.

However, the deployment of these technologies also presents challenges, including the need for ongoing data collection and software upgrades to keep pace with evolving explosive threats. Additionally, the TSA must carefully plan the procurement and deployment of EDS and ETD machines to ensure effective utilization and minimize disruptions to airport operations.

The introduction of EDS and ETD machines has been a crucial component of the TSA's efforts to strengthen aviation security in the wake of 9/11. These technologies have enhanced the detection capabilities and overall resilience of the U.S. aviation security system.

The use of Federal Air Marshals and Federal Flight Deck Officers to improve in-flight security

The Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS) deploys armed air marshals on selected flights it deems high-risk, such as the nonstop, long-distance flights targeted on 9/11. The number of air marshals is less than the number of daily flights, so FAMS assigns air marshals to selected flights based on considerations of threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences.

The Federal Flight Deck Officer (FFDO) program was set up in the wake of 9/11. It allows flight crew members to receive specialised training and carry a handgun onto a plane. FFDOs are federal law enforcement officers sworn and deputised by the US Department of Homeland Security. They are trained by the FAMS, and their jurisdiction is the flight deck or cabin of a commercial airliner or cargo aircraft while on duty.

To apply for the FFDO program, you must be a US citizen, a current commercial or cargo pilot, flight engineer, or flight navigator with a proper medical certificate. If accepted, flight crew members must attend a five-day training course in Artesia, New Mexico, in addition to biannual firearms requalifications. Training includes classroom training, marksmanship practice, and situational defensive tactics.

FFDOs are required to undergo multiple levels of frequent weapons re-qualification training and testing throughout their active service. They are issued firearms and other support equipment by the US Department of Homeland Security, but they have the option to purchase their own firearm of a similar type.

The exact number of active FFDOs and their distribution among airlines and flight routes is not known, to protect their identity and the integrity of the program.

The implementation of a risk-based approach to determine aviation security measures, considering threat likelihood and consequence

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, exposed weaknesses in the US aviation security system, which the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA) was enacted to address. In the years since, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has been working to implement the 9/11 Commission's recommendations on aviation security.

A risk-based approach to determine aviation security measures, considering threat likelihood and consequence, is a key part of this. The TSA works with the Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection Directorate (IAIP) to evaluate transportation infrastructure assets using a criticality model to identify national critical infrastructure. This involves assessing the threats, probabilities, and consequences of potential attacks on transportation systems.

The TSA's suite of risk management tools includes a criticality tool, a facilitated vulnerability assessment tool, and a vulnerability self-assessment tool. The process of risk assessment involves identifying plausible scenarios in sufficient detail, being specific and thorough in considering each form of threat. This includes threats to specific airports, terminals, fuel farms, air traffic control facilities, navigational equipment, and aircraft.

The threat scenario forms the foundation of any risk analysis and should include an identification and description of the threat, including the target, modus operandi, method, weapon, and adversary. The likelihood of an attack being attempted is then determined, along with the consequences, which can be diverse and relate to human, economic, political, and reputational terms.

Existing security measures are identified to determine their effectiveness in reducing the likelihood of a successful attack or mitigating the consequences. This information is used to assess the extent of remaining vulnerabilities and determine whether additional security measures are necessary.

The residual risk score, based on the assessed scores for likelihood, consequences, and vulnerabilities, guides policy-making and helps determine the need for further security measures. This approach allows for the implementation of proportionate measures and controls to mitigate risks appropriately.

The TSA's risk-based strategy also involves developing targeted, layered security measures tied to DHS risk levels, allowing for flexibility and the continuation of normal transportation activity. This strategy aims to ensure security while minimizing the impact on the flow of commerce.

The establishment of emergency response plans and regular testing and training to prepare for a range of crises

• Developing and testing emergency response plans: Airports have established comprehensive emergency response plans, such as the Airport Emergency Plan (AEP), which outlines procedures for various emergency scenarios. These plans are regularly reviewed and updated to ensure their effectiveness.
• Enhancing security intelligence: Airports have improved their ability to gather and analyze intelligence, including threat information, to identify potential risks and vulnerabilities. This includes coordination with local, state, and federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
• Conducting drills and exercises: Airports conduct regular drills and full-scale exercises to test their emergency response capabilities and identify areas for improvement. These exercises simulate various emergency scenarios, such as aircraft accidents, active shooter incidents, and natural disasters.
• Establishing incident command and control: Airports have designated incident command centers and established clear chains of command to ensure effective coordination during emergencies. This includes the use of the Incident Command System (ICS) and the National Incident Management System (NIMS) for managing and coordinating the response.
• Improving communication and interoperability: Airports have invested in advanced communication systems and interoperability to ensure reliable and effective communication during emergencies. This includes radio, telephone, and computer systems, as well as backup communication methods.
• Strengthening partnerships with external agencies: Airports have fostered strong partnerships with local, state, and federal agencies, such as law enforcement, fire departments, and emergency medical services, to enhance collaboration and coordination during emergencies.
• Enhancing security measures: Airports have implemented enhanced security measures, such as perimeter security, access control, and screening procedures, to prevent and mitigate potential threats.
• Providing training and education: Airports conduct regular training and education programs for staff to ensure they are prepared to respond to emergencies effectively. This includes training in areas such as emergency management, crisis communication, and incident command.

The development of a security culture that encourages staff to challenge and improve security measures

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, had a profound impact on airport security, leading to significant changes and enhancements in security measures. One of the key developments was the establishment of a security culture that encourages staff to actively challenge and improve security protocols.

The creation of a robust security culture within airports has been a critical aspect of the post-9/11 transformation. This culture shift involves fostering a shared sense of responsibility and accountability among staff, empowering them to question and enhance security procedures. A key initiative in this regard is the establishment of security awareness training programs, which are now mandatory for all airport employees with access to secure and sterile areas. These programs aim to educate staff about potential threats, suspicious behaviour, and the importance of maintaining vigilance. Additionally, many airports have implemented reporting mechanisms that encourage employees to report any security incidents or unusual activities they observe. This proactive approach ensures that security measures are constantly evaluated and strengthened.

To further promote a culture of security, airports have introduced incentives and recognition programs that acknowledge staff members who demonstrate exceptional vigilance or contribute innovative ideas for security enhancements. This not only motivates employees to be more engaged in security matters but also reinforces the understanding that security is everyone's responsibility. Another effective strategy has been the establishment of security focus groups or committees within airports. These groups provide a platform for staff from diverse departments to collaborate, share insights, and collectively brainstorm ways to enhance security measures. By involving employees from various roles and areas, airports can benefit from a diversity of perspectives, leading to more comprehensive security protocols.

Regular security drills and exercises have also played a pivotal role in cultivating a security-conscious culture among airport staff. By conducting frequent drills that simulate various emergency scenarios, employees are trained to remain calm and responsive during actual security incidents. Moreover, these exercises help identify areas where security measures can be improved, leading to continuous enhancements. Airports have also recognised the importance of clear and effective communication during emergencies. As a result, they have invested in advanced communication systems and established designated emergency response teams that include staff members from various departments. This ensures a coordinated and efficient response to security threats.

Additionally, airports have embraced technological advancements to strengthen security. For instance, the deployment of advanced screening equipment, such as explosives detection systems and trace detection machines, has enhanced the ability to identify potential threats. Behaviour detection and analysis programs have also been introduced, enabling staff to identify suspicious behaviour and potential security risks posed by individuals. Airports have also invested in access control systems, electronic surveillance, and intrusion detection technologies to enhance perimeter security. All of these measures contribute to a comprehensive security culture that involves every member of the airport community.

Fostering a culture of security among airport staff is an ongoing process that requires continuous training, engagement, and adaptation to evolving threats. By encouraging staff to actively challenge and improve security measures, airports create a resilient and dynamic security environment that can effectively mitigate potential threats. This proactive approach is a cornerstone of post-9/11 airport security strategies and has significantly contributed to enhancing the safety of air travel worldwide.

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