Airport Security Scanners: Safe For Pacemaker Defibrillators?

Airport security checkpoints have been a concern for travellers with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) such as pacemakers and defibrillators. While modern pacemakers are designed to withstand any potential outside interference, there is a possibility that the metal in these devices may set off metal detectors. However, studies have shown that airport security does not interfere with the functionality of pacemakers and defibrillators.

Metal detectors and pacemakers

History of Metal Detectors and Pacemakers

In the past, there have been concerns about the potential interference of metal detectors with pacemakers and other implantable medical devices. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has received reports of adverse events where metal detectors and anti-theft systems interfered with the normal functioning of pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and spinal cord stimulators. These incidents included shifts in pacing rate, alteration to programmed pacing therapy, loss of or near loss of consciousness, chest pain, and inappropriate shocks to the heart.

Improvements in Technology

Recognizing these issues, device manufacturers have made significant improvements to the design of pacemakers and other implantable devices. Engineers have developed ways to protect these devices from electromagnetic interference, ensuring they function safely even in strong electromagnetic fields like those generated by MRI machines.

Current Recommendations and Research

Today, device manufacturers and medical professionals generally agree that it is safe for individuals with pacemakers to pass through metal detectors and other airport security measures. However, they offer some recommendations to minimize any potential risks:

• Be aware of hidden or camouflaged anti-theft systems in entrances and exits of commercial establishments.
• Do not stay near metal detectors or anti-theft systems longer than necessary, and avoid leaning against them.
• If a handheld metal detector is required, inform security personnel about your electronic medical device and request that they do not hold the detector near the device for an extended period. Alternatively, you may ask for a different form of personal search, such as a pat-down.

Recent studies have reinforced the safety of metal detectors for individuals with pacemakers. In one study, researchers tested metal detectors on patients with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, swiping the detectors over the devices for at least 30 seconds at their highest settings. No device function abnormalities were observed, and the researchers concluded that clinically significant interference is unlikely in real-world settings.

Another study presented at the Heart Rhythm 2019 conference specifically examined the impact of body scanners, which are increasingly replacing conventional metal detectors at airport security checkpoints. The researchers analyzed more than 1,000 scans and found no negative interference with pacemakers or defibrillators.

While there were initial concerns about the potential impact of metal detectors on pacemakers, modern pacemaker devices are designed to withstand electromagnetic interference without affecting their function. Individuals with pacemakers can confidently pass through metal detectors and other airport security measures by following the recommended precautions.

Body scanners and pacemakers

Body scanners at airport security do not interfere with the functionality of pacemakers and defibrillators. This is according to a 2019 study by the Heart Rhythm Society, which found no negative interference after analysing more than 1,000 scans. The study included 375 patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), such as pacemakers or defibrillators.

Body scanners are increasingly being used worldwide and are replacing conventional metal detectors. These scanners represent a potential new source of electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can cause pacing inhibition or inappropriate shock therapy. Despite this, patients with pacemakers or defibrillators can safely travel through airport security checkpoints.

Prior to the 2019 study, more than 80% of patients surveyed reported fears or concerns about passing through body scanners at the airport. This reinforces the need to clarify the safety of airport security body scans for passengers with CIEDs.

The study's lead author, Carsten Lennerz of the German Heart Centre Munich, said: "Our study results show that now patients can travel worry-free knowing they can safely go through security checkpoints without the need of disclosing personal medical information."

Lennerz also noted that cardiac devices may filter out high-frequency signals such as millimetre waves, and that the waves hardly penetrate the body at all. Additionally, the scan time is very short, usually around 100 milliseconds.

While body scanners are safe for people with pacemakers, it's important to always inform security personnel if you have an internal medical device. If your device sets off the metal detector alarm, you may be asked to undergo a secondary screening with a hand-held wand. Remind security personnel not to hold the wand over your pacemaker or defibrillator, as this could momentarily interfere with your device. Alternatively, you can request a pat-down screening instead.

Pacemaker identification at airport security

If you have a pacemaker, it's understandable that you may feel anxious about passing through airport security. However, rest assured that it is safe to do so, and there are procedures in place to ensure your journey is smooth.

Firstly, it is recommended that you carry a Medical Device ID Card at all times. This card acts as proof of your implanted device and can be shown to airport security officials. Some countries may also refer to this as a Passport Medical Card. If you do not have one, you can request a copy from your pacemaker clinic or the device manufacturer. Additionally, wearing a medical alert necklace or wristband is a good idea, as it can provide peace of mind and quick identification of your condition.

When passing through security, it is important to inform the security officers that you have a pacemaker. They will then be able to guide you through the appropriate screening process. It is advised that you do not pass through a walk-through metal detector as these can interfere with your device. Instead, you may be directed to use the Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT) full-body scanner, which is safe for individuals with pacemakers. While this scanner will detect your pacemaker, it will not sound an alarm, and you will not need to take any special precautions.

In some cases, security staff may use a hand-held security wand for additional screening. If this is required, instruct them not to hold it over your pacemaker for an extended period, as this could temporarily affect your device. Alternatively, you can request a hand-pat search, which can be done in a private area if preferred.

Overall, while it is essential to be cautious and follow the recommended procedures, there is no need to be overly concerned about passing through airport security with a pacemaker. With the appropriate identification and communication with security staff, you can safely navigate the security checks and continue your journey.

Pacemaker interference from security wands

Security wands are hand-held metal detectors used by security staff to check passengers for metal objects. If you have a pacemaker, it's natural to be concerned about potential interference from security wands. Here's what you need to know:

The good news is that security wands are generally considered safe for people with pacemakers. Major device manufacturers state that security wands can be used safely, and dozens of scientific studies over the past 20 years have proven that there are no interactions between security wands and pacemakers.

Precautions to Take

While security wands are unlikely to interfere with your pacemaker, there are still some precautions you should take when passing through security:

• Inform Security Staff: Let the security staff know that you have a pacemaker. They will provide further instructions and may ask to see your Medical Device ID Card.
• Don't Stop Under the Archway: While passing through the security archway, don't stop or touch it. This is a general recommendation from device manufacturers for all individuals with implanted devices.
• Keep the Wand Away from the Pacemaker: If a security wand must be used, ask the security staff to perform the check quickly and to keep the wand at least 6 inches away from your pacemaker. Prolonged exposure or waving the wand back and forth over the device may affect its programming.
• Request a Hand-Pat Search: If you are concerned about the wand interfering with your pacemaker, you can request a hand-pat search instead. This can be done in a private area if you prefer.
• Carry Your Medical Device ID Card: Always carry your Medical Device ID Card with you when travelling. This card identifies you as a patient with an implanted device and can be shown to security staff if needed.

Other Travel Tips for People with Pacemakers

In addition to the security considerations, here are some other tips to keep in mind when travelling with a pacemaker:

• Check with Your Doctor: Before travelling, consult your doctor to ensure that you are fit to fly. If you've recently had surgery or experienced an episode of ill health, they may advise postponing your travel plans until you've recovered.
• Stay Hydrated: Dehydration can increase your heart rate and lower your blood pressure, affecting your pacemaker. Drink plenty of water and avoid excessive alcohol consumption.
• Take Your Medication: Carry your medication and a copy of your prescription in your carry-on luggage. This ensures that you have access to your medication during the flight and if your checked luggage is misplaced.
• Get Travel Insurance: Make sure you have adequate travel insurance that covers your medical condition and any potential complications. Don't forget to declare your medical history to your insurance provider.

Pacemaker-friendly travel insurance

If you have a pacemaker, it's important to get the right travel insurance to ensure you're covered for any medical emergencies while abroad. Here are some tips and options for pacemaker-friendly travel insurance:

Having a pacemaker shouldn't stand in the way of you taking a trip, but it's crucial to have the right level of travel cover in place. Standard travel insurance policies may not cover pre-existing medical conditions, so it's important to get specialist cover.

Tips for Disclosing Your Pacemaker:

When applying for travel insurance, it's essential to be honest and disclose any pre-existing medical conditions, including your pacemaker. Failing to do so could invalidate your policy, leaving you unprotected in case of an emergency. Most insurance providers will have an online medical screening process or a set of questions to assess your health condition. Be sure to answer these questions accurately and provide all relevant information.

Pacemaker travel insurance typically includes the following:

• Emergency medical expenses and repatriation: Covers medical attention and the cost of returning home in an emergency.
• Lost, stolen, or damaged personal belongings: Including any medication and medical equipment.
• Cancellation and curtailment: Covers you if you need to cancel or cut your trip short due to medical reasons.
• Travel delay: This may not always be included, so check with your provider.
• Personal liability: Covers you if you accidentally damage someone else's property or cause injury.

Recommended Pacemaker Travel Insurance Providers:

• AllClear Travel: They offer tailored policies for various medical conditions, including pacemakers. They provide single-trip and annual multi-trip policies with no age limits.
• Able2Travel Travel Insurance: Specialises in covering pre-existing medical conditions, including pacemakers. They offer three levels of cover for both single-trip and annual multi-trip policies, ensuring flexibility for your needs.
• Medical Travel Compared: Compares policies from over 30 specialist providers to find the best cover for your needs. They work with providers who specialise in covering pre-existing conditions.

Additional Tips for Travelling with a Pacemaker:

• Carry your medical ID and passport: Have your Pacemaker or Defibrillator (ICD) identification card and passport ready when going through security. The ID card proves to airport security that you have an implanted device.
• Wear a medical alert accessory: Consider wearing a medical alert necklace or wristband, which indicates that you have a pacemaker and includes emergency contact information.
• Carry your medication: Always keep your medication and a copy of your prescription in your carry-on luggage. This ensures easy access and reduces the risk of losing your medication if your checked luggage is misplaced.
• Stay hydrated: Dehydration can increase your heart rate and affect your pacemaker. Carry a reusable water bottle and refill it at the airport and on the plane.
• Choose comfortable seating: Opt for an aisle seat, especially on long-haul flights, to easily get up and move around without disturbing other passengers. This helps with circulation and reduces the risk of blood clots.

Frequently asked questions