Jazmin Li
Many airports are built on former farmland, taking advantage of the wide-open space for lengthy runways and sprawling terminals. In the case of Savannah Airport in Georgia, USA, the construction of Runway 10 during World War II encountered a unique obstacle: a cemetery with around 100 graves, including those of slaves. While most of the graves were relocated with the family's consent, the descendants of Richard and Catherine Dotson, who had farmed the land in the 19th century, refused to allow their ancestors' graves to be moved. As a result, their tombs remain paved over by the runway, marked with plaques to signify those buried beneath. This unusual situation highlights the complex dynamics of land use and historical preservation, where progress and respect for the past must be carefully balanced.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Reason for cross-border airports | To reduce the hassle of crossing the border after flying to Tijuana |
| Example of a cross-border airport | Cross Border Xpress (CBX) from Tijuana Airport to the USA |
| Time taken to cross the border otherwise | Up to several hours to enter San Diego by car or on foot |
| Time taken to cross the border using CBX | Five-minute walk to a U.S. border inspector |
| Cost of using CBX | $18 |
| Time taken to travel from Tijuana Airport to San Diego Airport | 25 minutes |
| Cost of Lyft from CBX to San Diego Airport | $45 |
| Cost of Uber from CBX to San Diego Airport | $62 |
| Alternative to CBX | Take an Uber from TIJ to the traditional border crossing for MXN 100, then walk across |
| Reason for multiple airports in the USA | Commercial and freight travel justifies the presence of airports in small cities |
| The large size of the USA makes it more efficient to have multiple airports | |
| Reason for intersecting runways | Airports may not have the luxury of parallel runways due to terminal layout, space, or wind conditions |
| Advantage of intersecting runways | Better traffic flow on the ground and in the air |
| Other reasons for intersecting runways | Sound reduction |
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What You'll Learn
The Cross Border Xpress (CBX) from Tijuana Airport to the USA
The Cross Border Xpress (CBX) is an enclosed pedestrian bridge that allows passengers to travel between Tijuana International Airport (TIJ) and San Diego, USA. This service enables travellers to avoid long, unpredictable delays at the San Ysidro and Otay Mesa land ports of entry, providing a quicker and safer way to cross the US-Mexico border.
To use the CBX, passengers must have a valid passport and comply with all Mexican and American regulations. Foreign passengers travelling more than 25 miles from the border or staying in the US for over 30 days are required to prepay and complete a provisional I-94 permit before using the service. Customers between 13 and 18 years old travelling alone will need to purchase the Unaccompanied Teen service on the Cross Border Xpress website. If travelling with a checked pet, the necessary transportation documents must be presented at the Volaris counters in CBX.
If you have already booked a flight to/from Tijuana and wish to use the CBX, you can add this service by entering your reservation code and passenger name, choosing 'Additional Services', and selecting CBX. If you have purchased CBX separately, you must show the confirmation code, and a boarding pass will be provided at the service desks. You must then go through the initial check-in and bring your baggage to the counter to the left after passing through Mexican customs. If you have the QR code sent by CBX, you can proceed through security and take your flight.
The CBX terminal is open 24 hours a day, with airline counters open from 4:30 am to 11 pm, and restaurants and stores open from 6 am. Passengers can enjoy duty-free shopping, free WiFi, luggage carts, ticket kiosks, and a grab-and-go mart.
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The size of the US
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States or America, is a federal republic of 50 states and the federal capital district of Washington, D.C. It is a vast country with a land area of 3,531,905 square miles or 9.8 million square kilometres, making it the third-largest country in the world by land area. To put this into perspective, the United States is about half the size of Russia, the largest country in the world, and larger than China and Canada, the second and fourth-largest countries, respectively. The UK could fit into the US about 40 times, and Italy could fit about 35 times.
The US has a diverse landscape, from towering mountains to sweeping plains, dense forests, and arid deserts. The country is home to several mountain ranges, including the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, and the Cascade Range. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are found in California, approximately 84 miles apart. The highest peak in the country is Denali in Alaska, which rises to 20,310 feet. The US also boasts several deserts, including the Great Basin, Chihuahua, Sonoran, and Mojave deserts. The Grand Canyon, a popular tourist destination, is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River over millions of years and known for its intricate, colourful landscape.
The US has a coastline of approximately 95,471 miles, longer than the Earth's circumference. The country shares land borders with Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, as well as maritime borders with the Bahamas, Cuba, Russia, and other nations.
The US is ecologically megadiverse, with 63 national parks and hundreds of federally managed parks, forests, and wilderness areas. About 28% of the country's land is publicly owned and federally managed, with most of it protected. The US is also the third-most populous country in the world, with over 333 million people.
In terms of climate, the US includes most climate types due to its large size and geographic variety. East of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south. The western Great Plains have a semi-arid climate, while many mountainous areas in the American West have an alpine climate. The Southwest is arid, coastal California has a Mediterranean climate, and coastal Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska have an oceanic climate. Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar, while Hawaii, the southern tip of Florida, and US territories in the Caribbean and Pacific are tropical.
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The number of passengers
With global airline passenger numbers expected to double to 8.2 billion by 2037, airports are facing increasing pressure on their infrastructure. This has created a need for ever-smarter ways to deliver information to travellers, when and where it is needed. Bristol Airport, for example, is the ninth busiest airport in the UK in terms of passenger traffic, with over eight million passengers in 2018. The airport's expansion plans aim to boost passenger numbers to 12 million by 2026 and 20 million by the mid-2040s.
To address this challenge, Bristol Airport has adopted wireless, mobile disruption information totems to deliver important information to passengers in specific places at unplanned times. These totems are also used at Gatwick Airport and provide up-to-the-minute news on delays and cancellations, while fixed totems deliver advertising messages and waymarking to help travellers navigate the airport.
In addition to providing information, totems can also be used for environmental monitoring. The Environmental Totem, for instance, is a digital information panel that displays data such as noise, air quality, flight information, and weather conditions in real time. This totem can be installed inside terminals and public offices, providing citizens with access to environmental data.
The Inform Touch edition offers a mains-powered, wall-mounted unit and a standalone, wireless, battery-powered totem. It integrates e-pay and contactless ticketing, allowing travel information to be stored virtually on a mobile handset. With its remote monitoring technologies, airport staff can keep an eye on critical performance issues such as battery life and power usage and take appropriate actions to ensure continuity in service.
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Efficiency
The use of totems in airports is an efficient way to deliver information to travellers, especially when important details need to be conveyed in specific places and at unplanned times. These totems are wireless and mobile, allowing for flexibility in their placement and ensuring that travellers can access relevant information as they move through the airport.
One example of such a totem is the Environmental Totem, which is a digital information panel that displays data such as noise, air quality, flight information, and weather conditions in real time. This totem is not only installed inside terminals but also in public offices, providing transparency and accessibility to citizens interested in environmental monitoring.
Another instance is the Inform Touch edition, which offers a wall-mounted or standalone wireless and battery-powered totem. This totem integrates e-pay and contactless ticketing, allowing travel information to be stored virtually on mobile handsets. Additionally, remote monitoring technologies enable airport staff to monitor critical performance issues, such as battery life and power usage, ensuring continuity of service.
The use of mobile disruption information totems has been highlighted by managers at Bristol Airport and Gatwick Airport as an efficient solution for delivering vital information to travellers when and where it is needed. With the expected increase in global airline passenger numbers, these totems provide a smart way to manage the pressure on airport infrastructure and enhance the efficiency of operations for both passengers and operators.
In summary, the implementation of totems in airports, such as the Environmental Totem and the Inform Touch edition, offers an efficient and flexible method for delivering relevant and timely information to travellers, contributing to the smooth operation of airports and improving the overall travel experience.
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Sound reduction
The allowable limit for sound in the vicinity of an airport in the United States is 65 decibels (dB) averaged over a 24-hour period. Regular exposure to loud noise has detrimental effects on the health of residents who live near airports. Aircraft noise increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and mental illness, and it also reduces property prices by approximately 20% on average.
There are several strategies that can be employed to reduce noise levels around airports. One strategy is to install sound insulation in residential homes near the airport. A case study was conducted on the residential area surrounding LaGuardia Airport (LGA) in New York City, which found that installing sound insulation for residents exposed to airplane noise from LGA had an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $11,163 per QALY (quality-adjusted life year) gained.
Another strategy is to erect highway sound barriers along the entrance and exit roads leading to and from the main airport terminals. These barriers use absorptive noise technology, which traps sound and forces it to travel through a maze of sound-dampening materials, reducing the noise level around the area.
Other proposed noise reduction strategies include optimizing aircraft type, regulating the number of night flights, optimizing flight procedures, modifying operating runways, and installing sound insulation windows. For example, a study on Pudong International Airport suggested restricting high-noise aircraft and implementing a quiet aircraft operation program. Similarly, a study on Beijing Capital Airport found that installing soundproof windows in residential areas could achieve overall sound insulation of up to 10 dBA.
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Frequently asked questions
The Cross Border Xpress is a cross-border airport that extends from San Diego, California, in the US, to Tijuana, Mexico. It is one of the only airports in the world that straddles two countries.
The CBX was built to offer a more efficient way to cross between the US and Mexico. Previously, travellers had to endure long waits at the congested land border crossing. The CBX allows passengers to walk a 390-foot overpass between Tijuana International Airport and San Diego in just a few minutes.
Passengers pay a terminal fee of USD 18, which largely goes towards paying US border inspector salaries. There is also a USD 30 charge for using the CBX, and parking costs USD 10 per day.
After arriving at Tijuana International Airport, passengers follow the signs for the CBX and proceed to the baggage claim area. From there, they can exit through the CBX entrance and walk to the US border inspector. Upon arrival in the US, passengers can access rental car counters, concessionaires, and a Starbucks.
