Building A Small Airport: A Comprehensive Guide

Building an airport is no small feat, but it's been done many times before. The first airports were up and running within 20 years of the Wright brothers' first flight in 1903. Some of the earliest commercial airports include Hamburg Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport, and Sydney Airport.

If you're thinking of building a small airport, there are a few things you should know. First, you'll need to find the right property. The amount of space you need will depend on the type of aircraft you plan to accommodate. You'll also need to consider the approach to the airport—power lines and cell phone towers can be dealbreakers, and homeowners under the proposed flight path may not be happy about aircraft noise.

Once you've found a suitable location, you'll need to start construction. This process can be complex and time-consuming, but the basic steps include levelling the land, installing drainage, and choosing the right type of grass for the runway. It's also important to consult local regulations and obtain any necessary permits.

Building an airport requires a significant amount of time, effort, and resources, but with careful planning and perseverance, it can be done.

Choosing the right location

Local Zoning and Regulations

Firstly, research the local zoning ordinances and regulations that may impact your ability to build an airport. Look into any restrictions related to land use, noise statutes, overflight paths, and environmental impact. Understanding these factors will help you determine if your desired location is feasible for an airport.

Neighbouring Structures

Consider the surrounding area and any potential obstacles. Ensure there are no structures or natural features that could interfere with your takeoff and landing corridors. This includes assessing the height of nearby buildings and vegetation to ensure they don't impede your flight paths.

Available Land

The amount of land required will depend on the type of aircraft you plan to accommodate. Different aircraft have varying takeoff and landing distance requirements, and you'll also need to factor in safety margins. Assess the linear space needed for your runway and the surrounding area to ensure a comfortable buffer.

Topography and Drainage

Choose a location with relatively flat terrain to minimize the need for extensive grading and leveling. Additionally, consider the topography for effective drainage. Creating a crown on your runway will help with water runoff and prevent waterlogging.

Environmental Factors

Investigate the local bird and wildlife activity to ensure your chosen location won't pose a hazard to aircraft. Also, consider the prevailing wind direction and local weather patterns, as these can impact flight operations and runway conditions.

Proximity to Populated Areas

While small airports may not require vast acreage, it's essential to consider the proximity to residential areas. Engage with the local community and assess any potential noise concerns. Building positive relationships with neighbours can help alleviate tensions and secure their support for your project.

Access and Infrastructure

Ensure your chosen location has adequate access to roads or transportation networks. This is crucial for both construction and ongoing operations. Additionally, consider the availability of utilities and infrastructure, such as power and water supply.

Compliance with Aviation Regulations

Finally, consult the relevant aviation regulations and authorities. In the United States, for example, you'll need to comply with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations and submit the necessary forms, such as FAA Form 7480-1, to notify them of your intentions.

Planning the layout

Identify the location:

Begin by selecting a suitable location for your airport. Consider the amount of land available and any obstacles or restrictions in the area. Ensure that you have enough space to accommodate the runway, taxiways, and any necessary buildings. Also, take into account any environmental impact assessments and ensure you comply with local zoning regulations.

Determine the runway dimensions:

The length and width of your runway will depend on the type of aircraft you plan to accommodate. Consider the takeoff and landing requirements of different aircraft, including the necessary safety margins. Take into account factors such as obstacle clearance, runway slope, local weather patterns, and the skills of pilots who will be using the runway.

Design the taxiways and aprons:

Taxiways are the paths that aircraft use to move between the runway and the apron, which is the area where aircraft are parked, loaded, or unloaded. Design efficient taxiway layouts to minimise delays and ensure smooth traffic flow. Consider the size and number of aircraft that will be using these areas, and allow for adequate clearance and manoeuvring space.

Plan the terminal and ancillary facilities:

The terminal building is where passengers will check-in, go through security, and wait for their flights. Determine the size and layout of the terminal based on the expected passenger traffic and the level of service you want to provide. Include spaces for check-in counters, security checkpoints, departure gates, and any retail or dining concessions. Don't forget to plan for back-of-house areas, such as baggage handling systems and aircraft maintenance facilities.

Consider safety and security:

Ensure that your airport layout meets all safety and security regulations. Establish clearance and avigation easements to limit the height of nearby structures and ensure unobstructed takeoff and landing paths. Consult aviation attorneys and local authorities to understand the specific requirements and guidelines for your location.

Maximise space and efficiency:

Optimise the use of space in your airport layout. Consider implementing swing spaces that can be used for multiple purposes, depending on the time of day or flight schedules. For example, an area used for domestic flights during the day could be converted for international flights in the evening with appropriate security measures.

Remember, building an airport is a complex and challenging endeavour. Don't hesitate to engage the services of specialised consultants, architects, and engineers who can provide expert advice and guidance throughout the planning process.

Getting the right permissions

Building an airport is no small feat. It requires careful planning, navigating complex regulations, and significant investment. Here are some key considerations for getting the right permissions to build a small airport:

Local Municipalities and Zoning Issues:

Before embarking on your airport construction journey, it is imperative to consult local municipalities and zoning ordinances. Quietly research any applicable zoning laws related to land use, noise statutes, overflight paths, and environmental impact assessments. Understanding these regulations will help you assess the feasibility of your project and identify potential obstacles. Investigating circumstances surrounding zoning variances granted in your municipality can also provide valuable insights and precedents that may benefit your endeavour.

State-Level Requirements and Resources:

Once you have a grasp of local permissions, it is prudent to contact your state's department of transportation aeronautical division. While state funding for private airports is unlikely, certain modifications or concessions in your development plan may make your airport eligible for financial support. Each state has its own aeronautical agency, so consult their websites for specific requirements and resources. Engaging with the relevant state authorities early in your planning process will help you navigate the bureaucratic landscape effectively.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations:

The construction of airfields falls under the purview of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Specifically, FAR Part 157 governs the construction, alteration, and deactivation of airports. If your airspace is not Class B, C, or D to the surface, and your property is not within a 30-mile radius of a Class B primary airport, you are not obligated to inform the FAA of your construction plans. However, doing so voluntarily can be advantageous. The FAA can assist in preventing surrounding property owners from building structures that may interfere with your takeoff and landing corridors.

Aviation Attorney and Easements:

Engaging the services of a qualified aviation attorney is essential to establishing the necessary easements for your airport. Two critical easements to consider are the clearance easement and the avigation easement. The clearance easement will restrict the height of nearby structures, ensuring they do not impede your flight paths. On the other hand, the avigation easement grants permission for aircraft to fly over adjoining lands, especially at low altitudes during takeoff and landing.

Neighbour Relations:

The support or opposition of your neighbours can significantly impact the success of your airport construction plans. It is advisable to initiate conversations with them well in advance, keeping an open dialogue and addressing any concerns they may have. Remember, maintaining positive relationships with neighbours can bring benefits, such as emergency assistance, casual assistance, and added security for your airport operations.

Environmental Impact and Wildlife Considerations:

When selecting the location for your airport, carefully consider the environmental impact and local wildlife activity. Assess factors such as soil stability, wildlife habitats, and bird activity in the area. These factors will influence the placement and design of your runway and surrounding infrastructure. Additionally, be mindful of any protected species or habitats in the vicinity, as these may impose additional restrictions or requirements.

Master Record Submission:

After you have cleared all the legal and regulatory hurdles and constructed your runway, don't forget to submit FAA Form 5010-5, Airport Master Record. This step ensures that your airport is officially recognised and can appear on aeronautical charts, providing valuable information to fellow aviators.

Building the runway

Before beginning construction, it is essential to consult local and state regulations regarding zoning, noise statutes, overflight, and environmental impact. You will also need to submit the necessary paperwork to the relevant authorities, including the FAA if your airport will be located near controlled airspace or within a certain radius of a primary airport.

When choosing a site for your runway, look for a relatively straight and flat area with good drainage. Consider the surrounding landscape and any potential obstacles in the approach and departure paths. If your desired site has trees or stumps, you will need to remove them. You may also need to fill in ditches or install drainage pipes.

Once the site is cleared and levelled, you can begin constructing the runway. For a grass runway, choose a suitable type of grass that can handle aircraft traffic, such as Bermuda or Centipede. If you prefer a paved runway, you will need to hire specialised equipment and contractors, which can be costly.

Finally, consider installing lighting along the runway to enable night operations. You may also want to build a hangar for aircraft storage and maintenance.

Adding facilities

Airport Design and Layout:

The layout of your airport facilities should be well-planned and designed to maximize space and efficiency. Consider the placement of terminals, gates, runways, and taxiways to ensure smooth aircraft movement and passenger flow. Take into account the number of aircraft and passenger volume you expect to handle, allowing for future expansion if needed.

Passenger Amenities:

Provide a range of amenities and services to enhance the passenger experience. This includes comfortable waiting areas with adequate seating, restrooms, and concessions such as restaurants, cafes, and retail outlets. Consider adding special features like lounges, prayer rooms, or play areas for families with children. Ensure that your airport is accessible for passengers with disabilities, complying with relevant regulations.

Airport Operations:

Equip your airport with the necessary operational facilities, including a control tower, baggage handling systems, aircraft maintenance hangars, and fuel storage facilities. Ensure that your airport has adequate security measures, including access control, surveillance systems, and emergency response capabilities.

Airport Accessibility:

Design your airport with convenient access roads and parking facilities for passengers and employees. Consider the flow of traffic and provide clear signage to guide users to the appropriate areas. Ensure that your airport has efficient connections to public transport systems, such as buses or rail networks, to facilitate easy access for travellers.

Environmental Considerations:

When adding facilities, carefully assess the environmental impact of your airport. Consider the surrounding wildlife, bird activity, and local weather patterns. Implement measures to minimize noise pollution, especially for nearby residential areas. Ensure that your airport has proper waste management systems and water drainage solutions to prevent environmental contamination.

Regulatory Compliance:

Stay informed about the local, state, and federal regulations that apply to airport facilities. Consult with aviation attorneys and relevant government agencies to ensure that your airport complies with all necessary permits, licences, and safety standards. This includes adhering to zoning regulations, noise statutes, and environmental impact assessments.

Remember, building an airport is a complex and lengthy process. Take the time to thoroughly plan and address each aspect of facility development to create a safe, efficient, and passenger-friendly airport.

Frequently asked questions