Airports: Navigating Security Safely Without Radiation Exposure

Radiation is used in airport security screening to detect prohibited items such as weapons and explosives. While this radiation is generally considered safe, emitting only low levels of radiation, some travellers are concerned about the potential health risks of exposure. This is especially true for vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and those with specific health concerns. To minimise radiation exposure at airports, travellers can opt for a pat-down instead of a body scanner, minimise time spent near scanners, and opt for metal detectors where possible.

Request a pat-down instead of a body scan

If you're concerned about radiation exposure at the airport, one option to consider is requesting a pat-down instead of undergoing a body scan. Here's what you need to do and what you can expect:

Communicating Your Preference

When you approach the security checkpoint, inform the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) agent that you do not wish to go through the body scanner. You can simply say, "I opt out." While TSA agents may try to encourage you to go through the scanner, they are required to honor your request for an alternative screening method.

Understanding the Pat-Down Procedure

If you opt out of the body scanner, you will be subject to a standard pat-down procedure. This involves a TSA agent using their hands to pat down your body and clothing gently. It's important to note that this process may be more physically intrusive than the body scan, but it doesn't expose you to any radiation.

Considering Metal Detectors

In addition to requesting a pat-down, you can also opt for metal detectors instead of body scanners. Metal detectors use low-intensity magnetic fields to detect metallic objects and do not expose you to ionizing radiation. However, keep in mind that this option is subject to the airport's rules and regulations.

Understanding Radiation Concerns

It's worth noting that the consensus among experts is that the radiation exposure from airport body scanners is very low and does not pose a significant health risk. The dose of radiation is minuscule compared to the average annual dose of natural background radiation. However, some individuals, such as pregnant women or those with specific health concerns, may still prefer to minimize their exposure.

Making Informed Decisions

To make an informed decision, it's helpful to understand the different types of body scanners used in airports. Millimeter-wave scanners, which are commonly used in the United States, employ non-ionizing radiation in the form of low-level radio waves. Backscatter X-ray scanners, on the other hand, emit low levels of ionizing radiation (X-rays). The former is considered safer and is increasingly being adopted in various countries.

Minimise time spent near scanners

To minimise time spent near scanners, it is important to understand the different types of scanners and their purposes.

Firstly, metal detectors use magnetic fields to identify metal objects. They are considered safe as they use non-ionizing radiation, which does not cause biological damage. If you are concerned about radiation exposure, opting for a metal detector instead of a full-body scanner is advisable.

Secondly, full-body scanners use either backscatter x-ray technology or millimeter wave technology. Backscatter x-ray scanners emit low-energy x-rays that penetrate clothing and skin, creating an image based on the different absorption levels of various materials. These scanners have been phased out in many countries due to privacy and health concerns. On the other hand, millimeter wave scanners use non-ionizing radiofrequency waves to detect objects. They emit extremely low levels of energy, comparable to a cell phone, and are considered safer than backscatter x-ray scanners.

Now, to minimise time spent near these scanners, here are some strategies:

• Arrive at the airport early: By arriving early, you can ensure that you have enough time to navigate the security process without feeling rushed. This reduces the likelihood of being placed in a full-body scanner line by a TSA agent due to time constraints.
• Choose a security line away from full-body scanners: By selecting a line that is physically distant from the full-body scanners, you decrease the chances of being pulled out of the metal detector line and directed towards a full-body scanner.
• Avoid wearing metal or complicated clothing: Metal objects can trigger the metal detectors, leading to additional screening. By dressing simply and avoiding metal accessories, you reduce the likelihood of being directed towards a full-body scanner.
• Be prepared and organised: Start unpacking your belongings and electronic devices early while waiting in line. By appearing busy and occupied, you create a sense of inconvenience for security personnel, who may be less likely to redirect you to another line.
• Familiarise yourself with airport security technologies: Staying informed about the latest advancements in airport security technologies and their associated risks enables you to make better decisions about your safety. Knowing the options available at your specific airport can help you navigate the security process more efficiently.
• Opt for alternative screening methods: If you have health concerns or are particularly vulnerable to radiation exposure, you can request alternative screening methods. For example, you can ask for a physical pat-down instead of going through the body scanner. However, this is subject to airport security rules and regulations, and you must still follow the required security procedures.

By implementing these strategies, you can effectively minimise the time spent near scanners and reduce your potential radiation exposure.

Opt for metal detectors

Metal detectors are a common feature at airport security checkpoints, serving as a first line of defence to screen individuals and prevent prohibited items from compromising security. They are an essential component of airport security, especially in the post-9/11 world.

Metal detectors use magnetic fields to identify metal objects. They generate a low-strength magnetic field, which, when it comes into close proximity with a metallic object, is disrupted, and this change is detected by the sensors. This magnetic field is created by a brief pulse of electrical current. The magnetic field will reflect back to the machine if it encounters any metal, such as a watch or belt buckle, and the machine will then beep to alert the TSA agent.

Metal detectors are designed to identify metallic objects that could be used as weapons or pose a security threat. They are highly sensitive and can detect a wide range of metals. However, the settings are calibrated to focus on items of substantial size or mass, so small items like earrings or buttons are usually ignored.

Metal detectors are safe for passengers as they use non-ionizing radiation, which does not cause biological damage. They are also extremely efficient, minimising delays at security checkpoints. TSA agents are trained to interpret the signals from metal detectors and make quick decisions about further screening.

If you are concerned about radiation exposure, opting for a metal detector instead of a full-body scanner is a good option. Metal detectors do not expose you to ionizing radiation, unlike some full-body scanners. However, it is important to note that this option is subject to airport rules and regulations, and you will still need to follow security procedures.

Stay informed about airport security technologies

Staying informed about airport security technologies is essential for making better decisions about your safety. Here's a detailed overview:

Airport Security Technologies

Metal Detectors

Metal detectors are commonly used at airports to detect the presence of metal objects. They generate a low-strength magnetic field, which changes when it comes into close contact with metallic items. These detectors use non-ionizing radiation, which does not cause any biological damage. Metal detectors are safe and do not expose individuals to harmful radiation.

Millimeter-Wave Scanners

Millimeter-wave scanners are another type of technology used for screening at airports. They use non-ionizing radiation in the form of low-level radio waves to create a 3D image and detect concealed items. The scanners emit electromagnetic radiation at a frequency of about 30 GHz, with a wavelength of 10 millimeters. The waves can penetrate clothing but are reflected by the body, allowing for the detection of hidden objects. Millimeter-wave scanners are considered safer than backscatter X-ray scanners and are widely used in countries like Canada and Australia.

Backscatter X-Ray Scanners

Backscatter X-ray scanners were previously used in airports but have been phased out in many countries due to privacy and health concerns. They emit low levels of ionizing radiation (X-rays) that can penetrate clothing and create images based on the absorption levels of different materials. While these scanners can detect objects hidden under clothing, they also pose potential health risks due to their ability to damage DNA.

Full-Body Scanners

Full-body scanners are becoming more common in airports to detect weapons, explosives, and other prohibited items. There are two main types: backscatter scanners and millimeter-wave scanners. Backscatter scanners use low-energy X-rays to create images, while millimeter-wave scanners use radiofrequency (RF) waves. The use of full-body scanners has raised concerns about radiation exposure, especially for certain vulnerable groups.

X-Ray Baggage Screening

X-ray scanners are commonly used for carry-on and checked luggage. These scanners use ionizing radiation to create images of the contents of bags. Filters in the system allow for colour-coding based on the density of the items inside. While X-ray scanners can detect prohibited items, concerns have been raised about the potential effects of radiation on luggage contents. However, it's important to note that X-rays cannot make luggage or contents radioactive.

Emerging Technologies

Airport security is constantly evolving, and new technologies are being introduced to enhance security and improve the passenger experience. Some emerging technologies include:

• Automated Screening Lanes (ASLs): These state-of-the-art checkpoints aim to increase security efficiency while reducing the time travellers spend during the screening process.
• Biometrics and Facial Recognition: The use of biometrics and facial recognition technology is increasing for identity verification and enhancing surveillance capabilities. However, privacy concerns have led to amended regulations, such as the AI Act, to ensure comprehensive data protection.
• CT Scanning: CT (Computed Tomography) scanning is the latest technology for carry-on baggage screening. It enhances threat detection capabilities and is similar to the technology used in the medical field.
• Credential Authentication Technology (CAT): CAT ensures real-time ID authentication, reservation verification, and Secure Flight pre-screening, enhancing security and streamlining the process.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is being integrated into various aspects of airport security, from passenger screening to baggage screening. It helps detect risks, identify problems, and reduce the need for pat-downs. AI also plays a role in trip planning, providing personalized recommendations and streamlining the process.
• High-Tech Screening Wands: The new millimeter-wave handheld screening wands can detect both metallic and non-metallic items, improving accuracy and privacy during security checks.

Ask for alternative screening methods if pregnant

If you are pregnant and concerned about radiation exposure during airport security checks, you can ask for alternative screening methods. While the risk of radiation exposure from airport body scanners is considered extremely low, certain groups, including pregnant women, may want to be cautious about any form of radiation exposure.

One alternative screening method is to request a physical "pat-down" search instead of going through the body scanner. This option is available to travellers who are worried about radiation exposure. While you can inform the TSA agent that you do not wish to go through the scanner, you will still need to follow security procedures. If you do not, the airport might not let you enter the terminal. It is important to note that a "pat-down" search may be more invasive than a body scanner.

Another alternative is to opt for metal detectors, which do not use radiation. Metal detectors use a low-frequency electromagnetic field to detect metal objects. They are considered safe for everyone, including pregnant women. However, this option is also subject to airport rules and regulations, and you will still need to follow the standard security procedures.

Frequently asked questions