The Magic Behind Baggage Claim: Airport Baggage Checks

After checking in a bag at the airport, it begins a complex journey. First, it is tagged with a label specifying destination, airline, flight number, and passenger. Next, it is screened at a security checkpoint, where an X-ray machine or CT scanner is used to check for prohibited items. If there is any doubt about the contents of a bag, it may be inspected by hand. Once cleared, baggage handlers load the bags onto a conveyor belt system, which transports them to their assigned flight. Upon arrival at the destination, the process is reversed, with bags travelling along the conveyor belt system to the baggage reclaim area, where they are collected by passengers.

Screening and security checks

The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is required by law to screen every bag that is transported on a commercial aircraft, whether it is checked or carry-on luggage. The first security check for checked bags depends on the airport. In the United States, most major airports use computer tomography (CT) scanners. These scanners use X-rays to create detailed tomograms (slices) of the bag, calculating the mass and density of individual objects. If an object's mass/density falls within a certain range, the scanner warns of a potential hazard.

Checked bags can also be screened using conventional X-ray machines, which are larger versions of the X-ray systems used for carry-on items. These are high-speed, automated machines integrated into the normal baggage-handling system. The KVP range of the X-rays is higher than those used for carry-on items.

The TSA also uses computed tomography (CT) scanners to create 3-D X-ray images of checked bags to detect potential security threats. This technology is part of the Checked Baggage Inspection System (CBIS), which features an automated network of conveyor belts that sort and track checked luggage through the security screening process. The CBIS includes Explosive Detection System (EDS) units that use CT to analyse the contents of each bag.

If a bag is flagged as suspicious, it may be routed to a more sensitive machine for further screening. Ultimately, the ideal scenario would be for trained workers to search every piece of luggage by hand, but this is impractical, so technology is relied upon. In some cases, bags may be physically inspected, and swabbed to test for explosive traces. If a prohibited item is found, it may be removed, and a note will be left for the owner.

Baggage routing and sorting

After check-in, a passenger's checked baggage begins its journey through the airport's baggage handling system (BHS). This system is an intricate network of conveyor belts, chutes, sorting machines, and control systems that work together to efficiently transport luggage throughout the airport. The BHS plays a critical role in ensuring the smooth transition of passengers' belongings from check-in to baggage claim and can significantly impact an airport's ability to attract or retain major airline hubs.

The BHS incorporates various security measures, including baggage screening, to comply with safety regulations and ensure the security of passengers and air travel. Checked baggage is screened using X-ray machines, CT scanners, and sometimes chemical sniffers to detect prohibited items and security threats. If a bag is deemed suspicious or requires further examination, it may be inspected by hand by security personnel.

At the sorting area, automated systems scan baggage tags and direct each piece of luggage to its designated flight. Sorting machines, such as tilt tray sorters, use a series of angled trays to nudge and sort the luggage towards its designated route. These intelligent systems interpret the encoded data on the barcode tags, which includes flight details and the final destination.

The BHS aims to handle large volumes of luggage quickly and efficiently, ensuring that bags move from point to point as fast as travellers. Accurate barcode scanning and sorting technology are crucial to ensuring each bag reaches the correct destination, such as the departure gate, transfer area, or baggage claim. The system's capacity and scalability are also important considerations, especially during peak travel periods.

Baggage loading and unloading

The baggage loading and unloading process at airports is a complex and well-coordinated operation involving various specialized equipment and personnel. The process begins with passengers checking in their baggage at the airport departure lounge. From there, the bags are loaded onto check-in belts, which transfer them to a series of conveyor belts that carry the bags to a baggage carousel.

At this stage, the baggage is still within the airport building. Airline staff then transfers the bags from the carousel to either baggage carts or Unit Load Devices (ULDs). ULDs are placed over cargo dollies, which are specialized carts designed to transport ULDs to the aircraft bay using a towing tractor. Once at the aircraft stand, a special machine called a cargo loader lifts the ULDs into the aircraft cargo compartment.

For unloading, the process is reversed. Baggage is unloaded from the aircraft and placed onto carts, which are then transported to the arrival terminal. At the terminal, the bags are unloaded from the carts onto conveyors or carousels, where passengers can collect their luggage. The fast-paced nature of this process is crucial, as any delays can impact the flight schedule and lead to complaints from passengers.

Additionally, airports employ security measures to ensure the safety of passengers and staff. Checked baggage undergoes screening by TSA officers, who use X-ray machines to scan for explosives, hazardous materials, and other prohibited items. Some airports also utilize K-9 units, trained dogs that can detect the odors of explosives and drugs. These measures help maintain the security and efficiency of the baggage handling process at airports.

Baggage tracking and storage

After check-in, the baggage handling system takes over the process of transporting, screening, and storing checked bags. This system is a complex structure that employs mechanical and electro-mechanical engineering concepts to ensure the safe transportation of baggage to its designated location. It primarily consists of interconnected conveyors that form a comprehensive network.

The checked bags are screened by X-ray machines and sometimes with chemical sniffers to detect any prohibited items or security threats. If a bag raises suspicion, security personnel may open it for a visual inspection. After clearing security, the bags are transported to the plane, loaded onto carts, and then onto the aircraft.

At large airports with many transit passengers, data analysis plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency of the baggage handling system. By examining data related to the system and tracking, improvements can be made to optimise the process. Additionally, some airports have implemented full automation of their baggage handling systems, utilising automated cranes and subterranean networks to manage luggage storage and retrieval.

To improve the overall experience for travellers, several technologies have been developed to support baggage tracking. These technologies provide live updates on baggage location, enabling travellers to predict the arrival of their baggage. This not only reduces stress for travellers but also enhances the relationship between airports and airlines. Proper baggage tracking also allows airports to attract and retain airlines, improve public perception through increased passenger safety, and accommodate higher passenger and baggage volumes.

Rules and regulations

Weight and Size Limitations:

The weight and size of checked baggage are crucial factors. Most airlines and countries have specific limitations. For example, the maximum weight for a checked bag is typically 23 kg/50 lbs as per international regulations, with a maximum of 32 kg/70 lbs in the EU and the US. The UK enforces a similar restriction, with a 32 kg/70 lbs weight limit for each piece of checked baggage. Oversized baggage dimensions may also apply, such as a maximum length of 240 cm and a height and width of 75 cm each.

Baggage Allowance and Fees:

Airlines usually provide a standard baggage allowance, which can vary based on factors like the ticket type, cabin class, frequent flyer status, and travel route. It's important to understand these allowances to avoid additional costs. If you exceed the weight or number of bags included in your allowance, you may need to redistribute items or purchase additional baggage allowance.

Restricted and Dangerous Items:

Airlines and countries have specific regulations regarding restricted and dangerous items. For example, sharp objects, knives, and some sporting goods must be packed in checked baggage and are not allowed in carry-on luggage or on your person. Flammable materials are prohibited in checked baggage and cabin baggage. Other prohibited items may include bug-freezing spray, lighters, and matches for flights to or from Mainland China. Some airports also have specific restrictions, such as the UK prohibiting offensive items like electric stunning devices and tear gas.

Security Screening and Locks:

Checked baggage is subject to security screening, and screeners may open your bags as part of the process. It is recommended to leave your checked baggage unlocked to avoid potential damage to your luggage locks. If your bag is locked and an inspection is required, the locks may be broken. After inspection, screeners will apply a tamper-evidence seal and leave a notice inside your bag.

Tracking and Loss:

While it's rare for airlines to lose checked baggage, it can happen. Consider using tracking devices like AirTags to monitor your luggage's location. In the event of missing baggage, it's crucial to file a missing bag report in the baggage reclaim area before leaving the airport. Most mishandled bags are returned within 48 hours, and issues often arise due to punctuality problems during transfers.

Frequently asked questions