Brussels Airport: A Sprawling Hub's Size And Scope

Brussels Airport is one of the largest airports in Europe, serving nearly 25.7 million passengers in 2018 and connecting the capital of Europe to 248 destinations globally. The airport is located on the territory of Zaventem, Machelen, Steenokkerzeel and Kortenberg, and its origins date back to 1940 when the German occupying force claimed 600 hectares of agricultural fields to be used as a military airfield. Today, the airport has a single terminal with multiple levels for public transport, arrivals and departures, and three runways forming the shape of a Z.

Brussels Airport's runways

Brussels Airport, also known as Zaventem Airport, is served by three runways. The airport was originally constructed by the German army as a military airfield during their occupation in 1940. The Luftwaffe established Fliegerhorst Melsbroek and constructed three runways in the shape of a triangle: runway 02/20, runway 07L/25R, and runway 12/30. Runway 07L/25R and runway 12/30 are still in use today. In 1956, a new 2,300-metre runway was constructed, 07R/25L, which runs almost parallel to 07L/25R. This runway is also still in use and has been extended to 3,200 metres.

The airport's runways are continuously inspected by relevant departments to guarantee the safety of passengers and operations. Runway selection is a complex process, with the safety of air traffic always the top priority. Weather conditions, such as wind speed and direction, also play a crucial role in runway selection. As the wind at Brussels Airport primarily blows from the southwest, aircraft generally take off in a south-westerly direction and land from the east. During periods of low wind, deviations from this general rule may occur.

To distribute noise disturbance as evenly as possible, the federal government has implemented a preferential runway system, known as PRS. This system dictates which runways are used at different times to minimise the impact of aircraft noise on surrounding communities. Renovations to runway 07R/25L are scheduled to take place from July to August 2025 to ensure the continued safety of air traffic. The works will include new asphalt, runway lights, and improved drainage through new sewerage systems.

The airport's history

The history of Brussels Airport dates back to 1914 with the construction of an airship hangar. However, its origins as an airport can be traced back to 1940 when the German occupying force claimed 600 hectares (1,500 acres) of agricultural fields as a backup airfield, establishing Fliegerhorst Melsbroek. The Luftwaffe constructed three runways in a triangle shape: runway 02/20, runway 07L/25R (both still in use), and runway 12/30. The airport buildings were constructed in the nearby municipality of Melsbroek, which is why locals referred to the airfield as Melsbroek or "Fliegerhorst Melsbroek" in German. An urban legend claims that the Belgians chose this location as it was often foggy when the Germans asked for their input on the site.

After World War II, in 1944, the German infrastructure at Melsbroek was taken over by the British. As the old civilian airport in Haren became too small, the Belgian authorities decided to use the aerodrome at Melsbroek as the new national airport. By 1948, a new terminal building replaced the old wooden structure, and the runways were lengthened. The civil aerodrome of Melsbroek was officially inaugurated on July 20, 1948, by Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, the prince regent. From 1948 to 1956, additional buildings and facilities were constructed, mainly on the Melsbroek side of the site.

In 1955, a railway line from Brussels city centre to the airport was opened, and in 1956, a new 2,300-metre (7,500-foot) runway, 07R/25L, was constructed. In April 1956, the Belgian government decided to build a new airport, utilising the existing runways but relocating the buildings to the municipality of Zaventem. Construction of the new terminal began in April 1957, in preparation for the 1958 World's Fair (Expo 58). The new airport was inaugurated on July 5, 1958, just in time for the World's Fair.

Over the years, Brussels Airport has continued to expand and modernise. In 2005, it was awarded the title of "Best Airport in Europe" by Airports Council International and the International Air Transport Association (ACI/IATA). The airport has consistently appeared in top airport lists and has seen steady growth in passenger traffic and cargo volume. In 2016, the airport suffered a setback when terrorist bomb blasts damaged the departures hall, leading to a temporary closure. However, it has since recovered and continues to serve as a major European hub, connecting Brussels to numerous destinations worldwide.

Passenger traffic

Brussels Airport is a major European hub, serving more than 22 million passengers annually (pre-pandemic) and flying to 238 destinations globally. In 2018, the airport served nearly 25.7 million passengers, making it one of the largest airports in Europe and the main airport in Belgium.

Brussels Airport has experienced significant growth in passenger traffic over the years. In 2007, the airport served 17.8 million passengers, which increased to 18.5 million in 2008. However, the demise of Sabena caused a sharp drop in passenger traffic, from which the airport recovered slowly.

The airport has a unique history, with its origins dating back to 1940 when the German occupying force claimed 600 hectares of agricultural land for a military airfield. After World War II, in 1948, the airport was developed to serve civilian passengers. Today, it boasts three runways and a single terminal split into multiple levels for public transport, arrivals, and departures.

Brussels Airport has implemented various strategies to enhance the passenger experience. The airport has deployed new technology, such as electronic flight information display systems, and initiatives to improve customer service and accessibility. Additionally, the airport has worked on capacity-building programs for its staff, ensuring a safe and efficient travel experience for all.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted passenger traffic, with numbers dropping during the height of the pandemic. However, Brussels Airport implemented a comprehensive response plan to ensure the safety and confidence of travellers. By September 2022, passenger traffic had recovered to 75% of pre-pandemic levels, and the occupancy rate continued to rise, with an average of 142 passengers per flight compared to 132 in 2019.

Economic impact

Brussels Airport is a significant economic powerhouse in Belgium and Europe, contributing to the country's GDP and generating billions in added value. With its vast passenger traffic and cargo volume, the airport serves as a crucial transport hub, connecting Belgium to the world through its extensive network of airlines and destinations.

Brussels Airport, located in Zaventem, is Belgium's main airport and one of the largest in Europe. In 2018, the airport served nearly 25.7 million passengers, a testament to its size and importance. The airport connects Brussels, the capital of Europe, to 238-248 destinations globally, served by 80 airlines. This makes it a crucial transport hub, facilitating travel and trade for passengers, businesses, and partners worldwide.

The airport's economic impact is substantial, contributing to Belgium's economic growth and development. Commercial passenger flights and cargo activities at Brussels Airport generate direct and indirect employment for 60,000 people. The cargo hub, Brucargo, plays a significant role in international logistics, handling 732,000 tonnes of cargo annually and supporting specific industries, including the pharmaceutical industry. The National Bank of Belgium recognises the airport industry's essential role in the Belgian economy.

The airport's strategic location and efficient infrastructure have attracted new airlines and diversified its offerings. The airport's focus on customer service, accessibility, and environmental sustainability has solidified its position as a leading European hub. In 2005, it was recognised as the "Best Airport in Europe" by Airports Council International and the International Air Transport Association, reflecting its high standards and reputation.

Brussels Airport also actively contributes to the local economy by partnering with regional public employment agencies. This collaboration between the airport, employers, and job seekers ensures a steady creation of job opportunities and promotes improved accessibility to the airport for employees and travellers alike.

The airport has also demonstrated resilience in challenging times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The implementation of a comprehensive response plan prioritised the safety and confidence of staff and travellers, showcasing the airport's adaptability and commitment to public health.

Environmental impact

Brussels Airport, constructed by the German army as a military airfield during their occupation in 1940, was developed after the war, in 1948, to serve civilian passengers. The airport has a single terminal with multiple levels for public transport, arrivals, and departures. It is served by three runways and used by more than 22 million passengers annually (pre-pandemic), flying to 238 destinations globally.

Brussels Airport acknowledges the impact of its activities on the people living in the neighbourhood and the local environment. The airport has committed to continuously improving its environmental and energy performance. It monitors noise and air pollution and has introduced lower fees for airlines using low-noise and fuel-efficient aircraft. In 2019, before the COVID-19 crisis, the number of people experiencing severe noise pollution was 57% lower than in 2000. The airport measures the concentrations of ultrafine particles and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at and around its premises.

Brussels Airlines, the airport's flagship carrier, is also taking steps to reduce its environmental impact. It has harmonised its fleet to an Airbus-only fleet, decreasing CO2 emissions per passenger by 46%. In 2019, the company rejuvenated its long-haul fleet with more fuel-efficient models, consuming 3.1% less fuel. In 2023, Brussels Airlines will introduce the new A320neo aircraft, which will reduce noise contours by 50% and lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by 11% per flight. Additionally, the airline encourages passengers to travel to the airport by train or bus whenever possible and offers its employees a free public transport pass. Brussels Airlines also supports the Single European Sky (SES) program, which aims to create a single, controlled European sky to improve fuel efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions by 10%.

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