Owais Crawford
The relationship between Islam and music is a topic of debate, with some Muslims believing that the Quran and Sunnah prohibit music and singing, while others believe that some forms are permissible. The Quran does not specifically refer to music, but scholars have interpreted the phrase idle talk, which is discouraged, as including music. The practice of orthodox Sunni and Shi'a Islam does not involve any activity recognised as 'music', and generic terms for music have never been applied to the melodious recitation of the Quran or the call to prayer, which are central to Islam. However, there is a rich tradition of devotional singing in Islam, and some Muslims believe that musical instruments are haram, while vocals are allowed.
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What You'll Learn
What constitutes 'ghina' (singing that deviates from a moderate mood)
The term "ghina" refers to singing that deviates from a moderate mood, whether happy or sad. The key indicator of this deviation is the loss of self-control, akin to the feeling of intoxication. Ghina is associated with gatherings that involve singing, dancing, debauchery, and sensuality.
According to Islamic teachings, any form of singing that leads to such deviations from a moderate emotional state is prohibited. This includes songs that arouse sexual temptation through their content, lyrics, or the sound of musical instruments used.
The Messenger of Allah is quoted as saying, "And the person with the [sin of] singing (al-ghina’) will be raised [on the day of resurrection] blind, deaf, and dumb. The person with [the sin of] adultery, of wood-wind, and of drum will also be raised in the same way." This highlights the seriousness of engaging in or listening to ghina.
However, it is important to note that not all singing is considered ghina. Singing at weddings and on 'Eid is permissible, as long as the songs do not include immoral phrases or descriptions of beauty. Women are allowed to beat the daff and sing permissible songs on these occasions.
Additionally, the intention of the singer or listener also plays a role. If a person listens to songs without being enraptured and without any lustful intent, it is generally not considered a sin.
In conclusion, ghina constitutes singing that leads to extreme emotional states, loss of self-control, or sexual arousal. It is prohibited in Islam due to its potential negative consequences and associations with immoral behaviour.
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The permissibility of musical instruments
The relationship between Islam and music is a topic of debate, with some Muslims believing that the Quran and Sunnah prohibit music, while others believe that some forms of music are permissible. The Quran does not specifically refer to music itself, but some scholars interpret the phrase ""idle talk", which is discouraged, as including music.
The practice of orthodox Sunni and Shi'a Islam does not involve any activity recognised within Muslim cultures as 'music'. The melodious recitation of the Quran and the call to prayer are central to Islam, but generic terms for music are not applied to them. Instead, specialist designations are used. However, a wide variety of religious and spiritual genres that use musical instruments exist, usually performed at various public and private assemblies outside the orthodox sphere.
Some Muslims believe that musical instruments are haram and only vocals are allowed, but the performer must be of the same gender as the audience. A cappella music has led to a rich tradition of devotional singing in Islam. In support of singing being halal, the jurist Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi says, "No sound hadith is available concerning the prohibition of singing", while Ibn Hazm states, "All that is reported on this subject is false and fabricated."
There are some Muslims who believe that drums are permissible, but no other instruments. According to the Deobandi scholar Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari, an exception in the prohibition of music can be made for women playing the daf, a traditional one-sided drum, at celebrations and festivals, according to a minority group of Sunni and Shi'a Muslims. It is also permissible for women to beat the daff and sing permissible songs on occasions such as Eid, weddings, and other celebrations.
Other Muslims believe that all instruments are allowed, provided they are used for acceptable or halal types of music and are not sexually arousing or un-Islamic. There is a long history of instrumental accompaniments to devotional songs, particularly in the Shia and Sufi traditions. Many Sufi orders use music as part of their worship, most notably in Qawwali performances.
According to the Irish Times, a majority of Muslims follow the view taken by modern scholars such as Yusuf al-Qaradawi that music is forbidden "only if it leads the believer into activities that are clearly defined as prohibited, such as drinking alcohol and illicit sex".
In conclusion, the permissibility of musical instruments in Islam depends on the interpretation of Islamic teachings and varies among individuals and sects. While some Muslims believe that all musical instruments are haram, others allow certain instruments like drums, and some permit all instruments as long as the music is halal.
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The permissibility of singing in public places
The relationship between Islam and music is a topic of debate, with some Muslims believing that the Qur'an and Sunnah prohibit music and singing, while others believe that some forms of music are permissible. The practice of orthodox Sunni and Shi'a Islam does not involve any activity recognised as 'music' within Muslim cultures. However, there is a rich tradition of devotional singing in Islam, with some Muslims believing that only vocals are permitted, and the performer must be of the same gender as the audience.
Singing (al-ghina) is defined as an amusing statement expressed in tunes that are suitable for entertainment and amusement. It is considered haram to recite the Holy Qur'an, supplications (du'as), and words of praise in such tunes. The Messenger of Allah is quoted as saying, "And the person with the [sin of] singing (al-ghina’) will be raised [on the day of resurrection] blind, deaf and dumb". However, another source states that singing is not completely forbidden in Islam, and that it is necessary to differentiate between what is halal and haram.
There are varying opinions on the permissibility of different types of singing and music. Some Muslims believe that all instruments are allowed, provided they are used for acceptable or halal types of music and are not sexually arousing or un-Islamic. In support of this view, it is noted that Islamic art and music flourished during the Islamic Golden Age and continued to develop until the 19th century in several Islamic empires. Additionally, there is a long history of instrumental accompaniments to devotional songs, particularly in the Shia and Sufi traditions. Many Sufi orders use music as part of their worship.
On the other hand, some Muslims believe that musical instruments are haram and only vocals are allowed. According to Deobandi scholar Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari, an exception to this rule can be made for women playing the daf (a traditional one-sided drum) at celebrations and festivals, according to a minority group of Sunni and Shiite Muslims. It is permissible for women to beat the daff and sing permissible songs on occasions such as Eid and weddings.
In conclusion, the permissibility of singing in public places depends on the specific beliefs and interpretations of individual Muslims. While some may consider all forms of singing and music to be haram, others may allow certain types of devotional or halal music, particularly in private settings or during celebrations and festivals.
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The permissibility of singing at weddings
The relationship between Islam and music is a topic of debate, with some Muslims believing that the Quran and Sunnah prohibit music and singing, while others believe that some forms of music are permissible. The Quran does not specifically refer to music itself, but some scholars interpret the phrase ""idle talk", which is discouraged, as including music.
Singing is considered haram when it deviates a person from a moderate mood, whether happy or sad. This deviation is indicated by a loss of self-control, similar to the feeling that occurs after drinking wine. Singing that is sexually arousing or leads to vile consequences is also considered haram.
However, there are exceptions to the prohibition of singing. Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, a jurist, argues that there is no sound hadith available concerning the prohibition of singing. Additionally, according to a well-known hadith, the Islamic Prophet Muhammad instructed Abu Bakr to let two small girls continue singing to a woman, stating, "Leave them Abu Bakr, for every nation has an Eid (festival) and this day is our Eid." This indicates that singing at celebrations and festivals is permissible.
In conclusion, while the relationship between Islam and music is a topic of ongoing debate, the sources suggest that singing at weddings is permissible within certain boundaries. The content and lyrics of the songs should not be sexually arousing or lead to immoral behaviour. The use of musical instruments is also a point of contention, with some Muslims believing that only vocals are allowed, while others permit the use of specific instruments like the daff.
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The permissibility of singing for women
The permissibility of singing for Muslim women is a topic of debate among Islamic scholars. While some argue that there is no clear Quranic or hadith text that prohibits women from singing, others believe that it is a danger to a woman's moral character and may lead to immoral behaviour.
Some scholars interpret the Quranic phrase "diversionary talk" (Lahw al-hadith) as any speech that deviates people's minds from the righteous path and attracts their concentration to unjust sayings. This interpretation includes singing as a form of expression that can lead people astray from Allah's way. Additionally, the Prophet Muhammad's statement, "The thing that differentiates between haram and halal is the beating of the daff and voices," indicates that singing without the use of musical instruments like the daff is permissible.
On the other hand, there are several ahadith that suggest singing was present during important Islamic events. For example, during celebrations, the Prophet allowed young girls to sing and beat the daff, only asking them to refrain from saying, "And among us is a Prophet who knows what will happen tomorrow." This suggests that singing was not inherently prohibited, but the content of the songs mattered.
Furthermore, the permissibility of singing for women is often discussed in the context of weddings and other joyous occasions. According to some scholars, it is permissible for women to beat the daff and sing permissible songs on such occasions, as long as the songs do not include immoral phrases or descriptions of beauty. However, dancing by women is generally discouraged, especially in the presence of men, as it is considered a cause of fitnah or temptation.
Overall, while there is no definitive consensus, the permissibility of singing for Muslim women depends on the context, content, and intention behind the singing. Singing that promotes un-Islamic values or leads to immoral behaviour is generally discouraged, while singing that aligns with Islamic morals and is done on appropriate occasions may be permitted.
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Frequently asked questions
There is no clear consensus on whether singing is allowed in Islam. Some Muslims believe that singing is only allowed on permissible occasions, such as 'Eid and weddings, while others believe that it is permissible as long as it is not obscene or immoral.
Obscene or immoral singing, referred to as "ghina", is any kind of song that, by content, lyrics, or the specific sound of a musical instrument, can arouse sexual temptation or deviate a person from a moderate mood.
Some Muslims argue that the Quran does not specifically refer to music itself and that the prohibition of singing is based on interpretations of certain phrases. Additionally, there is a rich tradition of devotional singing in Islam, and some scholars, like Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, claim that there is no sound hadith prohibiting singing.
Based on the information provided, it is not possible to give a definitive answer to this question. However, it is generally considered permissible for Muslims to visit public places where music is being played as long as they do not intentionally listen to it. Therefore, a Muslim could potentially sing in an airport as long as it is not considered obscene or immoral singing and does not deviate them from a moderate mood.
